Filling the Frame
This is important because when taking pictures, most people mis-judge the spacing through the viewfinder in the camera, and think that things are closer than they really think it is. This creates a very uncomfortable, in the aspect that you can notice every 'slight' distraction in the photograph. Moving closer to the object, and 'filling the frame' with the subject, would normally solve this problem. As people focus more on the subject, rather than the objects that distract it.
Vantage point
A vantage point is taking a picture from a person's point of view... i.e. a picture taken from a low angle showing a man, could show a child's point of veiw of his father. A vantage point gives more meaning to the picture, and allows the viewers to make more assumptions about the picture. It gives an overall effect of 'being there.'
Use of line
Normally, lines in a photograph lead up to something, and makes people concentrate on a certain object.
Horizontal lines represent calmness and stableness in a picture. For example a picture of the sea would be using horizontal lines, to show calmness and making it look attractive.
Verticle lines evoke a feeling of strength, power and dominance, as people feel as if something is standing up to them. For example, use of tall buildings from a low angle would give this effect.
Diagonal lines show movement in a picture. Many photographers may tilt their cameras by purpose to convert a horizontal/verticle picture into a diagonal one. This helps create motion, and makes the picture look more interesting.
Rule of Thirds
Rule of thirds help to make a picture look less boring, and more interesting. This is done by organising the layout of the photograph. For example. Instead of having a tree in the middle of the frame, would look very boring compared to the tree being on the left of the frame. Rule of thirds also applies to 'filling the frame' as when you take a picture using the rule of thirds, you avoid any wastage of space and setting, making the picture look much more interesting instead of boring.
Depth of field
Use of depth of field changes the prospective of the picture. A shallow depth of field would look more 3Dimentional than a picture that has a large depth of field. A picture with a shallow depth of field could make anything look interesting as it blends the colours in the background by blurring them, making the object in the foreground stand out a lot.
Framing the subject
Framing the subject is simply guilding the veiwer into looking at a picture through something else, i.e nature. When looking at a picture with the use of framing the subject, you normally feel as if you can step into the picture. Howeevr, the framing shouldn't be very hard, it should lool very soft so you can concentrate more on the object you need to concentrate on, rather than the frame itself.